Publications

Etienne Barnard

Journal publications

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Pronunciation predication with Default&Refine”, Computer Speech and Language, Vol 22, pp 374-393, October 2008.

G.R. Botha and E. Barnard, “Factors that affect the accuracy of text-based language identification”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 7-10, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

G.R. Botha, V.Z. Zimu and E. Barnard, “Text-based language identification for the South African languages”, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol 98 (4), pp 141-146, December 2007.

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Effort and Accuracy during Language Resource Generation: A Pronunciation Prediction Case Study”, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol 98 (4), pp 124-128, December 2007.

A.J. De Waal, E. Barnard and E. du Preez, “Topic models applied to multilingual data”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 99-103, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

N. Govender, E. Barnard and M.H. Davel, “Pitch modelling for the Nguni languages”, South African Computer Journal, Vol 38, pp 28-39, June 2007.

R.S.M. Kato and E. Barnard, “Statistical translation with scarce resources: a South African case study”, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol 98 (4), pp 136-140, December 2007.

O.M. Martirosian and E. Barnard, “Speech-based emotion detection in a resource-scarce environment”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 105-108, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

M. Peche, M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Phonotactic spoken language identification with limited training data”, In Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (INTERSPEECH-2007), pp 1537-1540, Antwerp, Belgium, August 2007.

C.M. Van der Walt and E. Barnard, “Data characteristics that determine classifier performance”, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol 98 (3), pp 87-93, September 2007.

C.M Van der Walt and E. Barnard, “Measures for the characterisation of pattern-recognition data sets”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 75-78, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

E. van Dyk and E. Barnard, “Naive Bayesian classifiers for multinomial features: a theoretical analysis”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 87-91, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

C.J. Van Heerden and E. Barnard, “Speech rate normalization used to improve speaker verification”, SAIEE Africa Research Journal, Vol 98 (4), pp 129-135, December 2007.

C.J. Van Heerden and E. Barnard, “Durations of context-dependent phonemes: a new feature in speaker verification”, Speaker Classification II, Springer, pp 93-103, September 2007

C.J. Van Heerden and E. Barnard, “Speaker-specific variability of phoneme durations”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 111-114, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

D.R. Van Niekerk and E. Barnard, “Important factors in HMM-based phonetic segmentation”, In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (PRASA), pp 25-28, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, November 2007.

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Bootstrapping Pronunciation Dictionaries”, South African Journal of Science, 2006.

J.A. Louw, M. Davel and E. Barnard, “A general-purpose IsiZulu Speech Synthesiser”, South African journal of African languages, 2006.

Van der Walt T, Barnard E & Van Deventer J, “Process modeling with the regression network” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 6, Nr 1, pp. 78 93, Jan 1995.

Fanty M, Barnard E & Cole RA, “Alphabet recognition” In Handbook of Neural Computation, Publisher Unknown In press, 1995.

Odendaal JW, Barnard E & Pistorius CWI, “Two-dimensional superresolution radar imaging using the MUSIC algorithm”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 42, Nr 10, pp. 1386 1391, Oct 1994.

Muthusamy YK, Barnard E & Cole RA, “Automatic language identification: a review/tutorial”, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 33 - 41, October 1994.

Barnard E & Holm JEW, “A comparative study of optimization techniques for backpropagation”, Neurocomputing, Vol. 6, pp. 19 - 30, 1994.

Barnard E, “A model for non-polynomial decrease in error rate with increasing sample size”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 5, Nr. pp. 994 998, 1994.

Barnard E & Botha EC, “Backpropagation uses prior information efficiently”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 4, Nr 5, pp. 794 802, Sept 1993.

Barnard E, “Temporal-difference methods and Markov models”, IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 23, Nr 2, pp. 357 365, March-April 1993.

De Villiers J & Barnard E, “Backpropagation neural nets with one and two hidden layers”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 4, Nr 1, pp. 136 141, Jan 1993.

Barnard E & Wessels LFA, “Extrapolation and interpolation in neural network classifiers”, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Vol. 12, Nr 5, pp. 50 53 Oct 1992.

Barnard E, “Optimization for training neural nets”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 3, Nr 2, pp. 232 240, March 1992.

Barnard E, “Comments on 'Bayes statistical behavior and valid generalization of pattern classifying neural networks' [with reply]”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 3, Nr 6, pp. 1026 1027 Nov 1992.

Wessels LFA & Barnard E, “Avoiding false local minima by proper initialization of connections”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 3, Nr 6, pp. 899 905, Nov 1992.

Barnard E & Casasent D, “Invariance and neural nets”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 2, Nr. 5, pp. 498 508, Sept 1991.

Barnard E, Cole RA, Vea MP & Alleva FA, “Pitch detection with a neural-net classifier”, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 39, Nr. 2, pp. 298 - 307, February 1991.

Barnard E, “Performance and generalization of the classification figure of merit criterion function”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 2, pp. 322 325, 1991.

Barnard E, & Casasent D, “Shift Invariance and the Neocognitron”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 3, pp. 403 410, 1990.

Cole R, Connor J, El-Sharkawi M, Mars RJ, Muthusamy Y and Barnard E, “Performance comparisons between back propagation networks and classification trees on three real-world applications Advances” Neural Information Processing Systems, Nr. 2 Facultad de Informática, UPM Atlas, 1990.

Barnard E & Casasent D, “A comparison between criterion functions for linear classifiers with an application to neural nets”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 19, Nr 5, pp. 1030 1041, Sept - Oct 1989.

Barnard E & Casasent D, “New Optical Neural System Architectures and Applications”, Optical Computing Vol. 88, Nr. 963, pp. 537, Toulon, France, 1988.

Barnard E, “Optimal error diffusion for computer-generated holograms” Journal of Optical Society of America A, Vol. 5, nr. 11, pp. 1803 - 1817, 1988.

Barnard E, Cole RA & Hou L, “Location and classification of plosive constants using expert knowledge and neural-net classifiers”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 84 Supp. 1:S60, 1988.

Yan Y, Barnard E & Cole R, “Development of an approach to automatic language identification based on phone recognition”, Computer Speech and Language, Vol. 10, Nr. 1, pp. 37-54, Jan 1996.

Barnard E., Botha E.C., Barnard C.J., Feature-based classification of aerospace radar targets using neural networks, Neural Networks, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 129-142.

Odendaal JW, Barnard E & Pistorius CWI, “On the Asymmetry in the PSD for 2-D Linear Prediction”, Signal Processing, Vol. 60, pp. 43 - 49, 1997.

Barnard E., Yan Y., Toward new language adaptation for language identification, Speech Communication, Volume 21, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 245-254.

Book chapters

S. Goronzy, L. Mayfield Tomokiyo, E. Barnard and M. Davel, “Chapter 9: Other challenges: non-native speech, dialects, accents, and local interfaces”, In Multilingual Speech Processing, edited by T. Schultz and K. Kirchoff, Elsevier, April 2006.

Conference papers

C.J . van Heerden and E. Barnard, “Speech Rate Normalization Used to Improve Speaker Verification”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 2-7, Parys, November 2006.

M.Davel and E. Barnard, “Effort and Accuracy during Language Resource Generation: A Pronunciation Prediction Case Study”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 14 - 17, Parys, November 2006.

J.A.C Badenhorst, D.R van Niekerk and E Barnard, “Automatic systems for assistance in improving pronunciations” ,In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 23- 29 Parys, November 2006.

K Ronald and E. Barnard ,“Statistical Translation with Scarce Resources - A South African Case Study”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 18-22 Parys, November 2006.

G. Botha, V. Zimu and E. Barnard. “Text based Language Identification for the South African Languages”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 46 -52 Parys, November 2006.

E. Barnard and M. Davel , “Automatic error detection in alignments for speech synthesis”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 53- 56 Parys, November 2006.

N. Zulu and E. Barnard. “Dialect Distances Based on Orthographic and Phonetic Transcriptions.” In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 66 - 70 Parys, November 2006.

C van der Walt and E. Barnard. “Data characteristics that determine classifier performance”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 166 -171 Parys, November 2006.

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Bootstrapping Pronunciation Dictionaries – a South African case study”, CSIR Research and Innovation Conference, February 2006.

E. Barnard, N Govender , V. Zimu, C. Kuun and M. Davel, “Computational models of prosody in the Nguni languages”, ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop, Stellenbosch, South Africa, April 2006.

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Extracting pronunciation rules for phonemic variants”, ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop, Stellenbosch, South Africa, April 2006.

M. Davel and E. Barnard, “Developing consistent pronunciation variants”, Interspeech, Pittsburgh, USA, September 2006.

Barnard E & Casasent D, “Image processing for image understanding with neural nets”, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, pp. 11 115, 18 - 22 June 1988.

G. Botha and E. Barnard, “Two approaches to gathering text corpora from the World Wide Web”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 194, Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

M Davel and E. Barnard, “Obtaining a minimal set of rewrite rules”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 139-144, Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

N. Govender, E. Barnard and M. Davel, “Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 129-132,Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

G. Joubert and E. Barnard, “The effect of network degradation on speech recognition”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 193,Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

N. T. Kleynhans and E Barnard, “Language dependence in multilingual speaker verification”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 117-121, Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

C. Kuun, V. Zimu, E. Barnard and M. Davel, “Statistical investigations into isiZulu intonation”, In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 111-115,Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

C.J. van Heerden and E. Barnard, “Using timing information in speaker verification” In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp. 53-57,Langebaan, South Africa, November 2005.

Davel M & Barnard E, “The Efficient Generation of Pronunciation Dictionaries: Human Factors during Bootstrapping”, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Korea, 2004.

Davel M & Barnard E, “The Efficient Generation of Pronunciation Dictionaries: Machine Learning Factors during Bootstrapping”, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Korea, 2004.

Barnard E., Cloete L., Patel H, “Language and Technology Literacy Barriers to Accessing Government Services”, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, Issue 2739, 2003, Pages 37-42

Davel M & Barnard E, “Bootstrapping in Language Resource Generation”, In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium of the Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa, pp 97 100, Langebaan, December 2003

Barnard E, Halberstadt A, Kotelly C & Phillips M, “A Consistent Approach to Designing Spoken-Dialog Systems”, ASRU Workshop, Keystone, Colorado, 1999.

Hu Z & Barnard E, “Smoothness analysis for trajectory features” International Conference in Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 1997.

Mak B, Bocchieri E & Barnard E, “Stream derivation and clustering scheme for subspace distribution clustering hidden Markov model”, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, pp. 339 346, 14 - 17 Dec 1997.

Schmid P & Barnard E, “Explicit N-best formant features for vowel classification”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Vol. 2, pp. 991 - 994, 21 - 24 April 1997.

Hu Z & Barnard E, “Smoothness analysis for trajectory features”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Vol. 2, pp. 979 982, 21 - 24 April 1997.

Berkling KM & Barnard E, “Language identification with inaccurate string matching”, Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language (ICSLP), Vol. 3, pp. 1796 1799, 3 - 6 Oct 1996.

Hu Z, Schalkwyk S, Barnard E & Cole R, “Speech recognition using syllable-like units,” ICSLP-96, Vol. 2, pp. 1117 - 1120, Philadephia, Pennsylvania, October 1996.

Hu Z, Schalkwyk S, Barnard E & Cole R, “Speech recognition using syllable-like units,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Vol. 2, pp. 881 884, 7 - 10 May 1996.

Jain N, Cole R & Barnard E, “Creating speaker-specific phonetic templates with a speaker independent phonetic recognizer: Implications for voice dialing”, ICASSP, pp. 881 - 884, 1996.

Mak B & Barnard E, “Phone clustering using the Bhattacharyya distance”, Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language (CSLP), Vol. 4, pp. 2005 - 2008, 3 - 6 Oct 1996.

Schalkwyk, Jain N & Barnard E, “Speaker Verification with Low Storage Requirements”, ICASSP '96, Vol. 2, pp. 693 - 696, Atlanta, GA, 1996.

Schalkwyk J, Jain N & Barnard E, “Speaker verification with low storage requirements”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Vol. 2, pp. 693 - 696, Atlanta, GA, 7 - 10 May 1996.

Wei W, Barnard E & Fanty M, “Improved probability estimation with neural network models”, Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language (ICSLP), Vol. 1, pp. 502 - 505, 3 - 6 Oct 1996.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “Experiments for an approach to language identification with conversational telephone speech”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Atlanta, USA,), Vol. 1, pp. 789 792, May 1996.

Hu Z, Schalkwyk J, Barnard E & Cole R, “Speech recognition using syllable-like units”, Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language (ICSL), Vol. 2, pp. 1117 1120, 3 - 6 Oct 1996.

Barnard E, Cole RA, Fanty M & Vermeulen P, “Real-World Speech Recognition With Neural Networks”, Applications of Neural Networks to Telecommunications (IWANNT95), Vo. 2, pp. 186 – 193, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc , Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1995.

Barnard E, Cole RA, Fanty M & Vermeulen P, “Real-world speech recognition with neural networks”, Applications and Science of artificial neural networks, Vol. 2492, pp. 524 537, SPIE, April 1995.

Berkling KM & Barnard E, “Theoretical error prediction for a language identification system using optimal phoneme clustering”, Eurospeech, Vol. 1, pp. 351 354, Madrid, Spain, September 1995.

Hu Z, Barnard E & Cole R, “Transition-based feature extraction within frame-based recognition”, Eurospeech, pp. 1555 - 1558, October 1995.

Schmid P & Barnard E, “Robust, N--best Formant Tracking”, Eurospeech pp. 737 740, 1995.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “A comparison of neural net and linear classifier as the pattern recognizer in automatic language identification”, International Conference on Neural Networks and Signal Processing (ICNNSP95), Nanjing, P R China, December 1995.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “An approach to automatic language identification based on language-dependent phone recognition”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 3511 - 3514, May 1995.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “An Approach to Language Identification with Enhanced Language Model”, EUROSPEECH 1995.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “Neural networks and linear classifiers automatic language identification”, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks and Signal Processing, pp. 812 815, December 1995.

Yan Y & Barnard E, “Recent improvements to a phonotactic approach to language identification”, Fifteenth Annual Speech Research Symposium XV, pp. 212 - 219, June 1995.

Berkling KM & Barnard E, “Language identification with multilingual phoneme clusters”, International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Yokohama, Japan, Vol. 4, pp. 1891 1894, September 1994.

Berkling KM & Barnard E, “Language identification of six languages based on a common set of broad phonemes”, International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Yokohama, Japan, Vol. 4, pp. 1891 - 1894, September 1994.

Berkling KM, Arai T & Barnard E, “Analysis of phoneme-based features for language identification”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Vol. 1, pp. 289 - 292, 19 - 22 April 1994.

Yan Y, Berkling KM & Barnard E, “Bigram models and phoneme clusters for language identification”, Speech Research Symposium XIV SRS, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 22 30, June 1994.

Muthusamy YK, Berkling KM, Arai T, Cole RA & Barnard E, “Comparison of Approaches to Automatic Language Identification using Telephone Speech”, Eurospeech, pp. 1307 - 1310, September 1993.

Muthusamy YK, Berkling KM, Arai T, Cole RA & Barnard E, “Two approaches to automatic language identification with telephone speech”, Speech Research Symposium XIII, pp. 443 - 449, Baltimore, Maryland, June 1993.

Scalkwyk J, Vermeulen P & Barnard E, “Speaker-independent vowel classification from inaccurate formant features”, South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing (COMSIG), pp. 55 57, 11 Sept 1992.

Barnard E & Botha EC, “Neural-net classifiers and a priori information”, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Seattle, Vol. 2, pp. 952, 8 - 14 July 1991.

Barnard E & Botha T-H, “Parallel implementations of neural networks: from SIMD to VLSI”, Symposium on Parallel Processing-Design and Implementation, CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria, South Africa, 1991.

Lugtenburg SP & Barnard E, “Recurrent nets and signal classification”, South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing, (COMSIG 1991), pp. 150 154, 30 Aug 1991.

Casasent D & Barnard E, “Adaptive clustering neural net for piecewise nonlinear discriminant surfaces”, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, pp. 423 428, 17 - 21 June 1990.

Atlas L, Cole R, Connor J, El-Sharkawi M, Marks RJ II, Muthusamy Y & Barnard E, “Performance Comparisons Between Back propagation Networks and Classification Trees on Three Real-World Applications” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 622 629, Denver, CO, 1989.

Barnard E & Casasent D, “Image processing for image understanding with neural network”, IJCNN, Washington DC , Vol. 1, pp. 111 115, 1989.

Yee M, Barnard E & Casasent D, “Multitarget tracking with an optical neural net using a quadratic energy function”, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 2, pp. 634, 18 - 22 June 1989.

Botha E, Barnard E & Casasent D, “Optical neural networks for image analysis: imaging spectroscopy and production systems”, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, pp. 541 - 546, 24 -27 July 1988.

Technical reports:

Barnard E & Cole RA, “A Neural-Net Training Program based on Conjugate-Gradient Optimization”, Technical Report CSE 89-014, Oregon Graduate Institute, Beaverton, OR, 1989.

Wessels LFA, Barnard E & Van Rooyen E, “The error surface of the simplest XOR network has no local minima”, Technical Report, pp. 94 - 21, Leiden University, Dept of Computer Science, The Netherlands.

Patents:

Phillips MS, Barnard E, Dahan J-G & Metzger MJ, “Dynamic semantic control of a speech recognition system” U S Patent #6,519,562

Barnard E, “Automatically determining words for updating in a pronunciation dictionary in a speech recognition system” U S Patent #6,434,521